Energy and the Physical Environment: Important areas for both business and consumers; Energy - not as important as 1973, but occasionally dominates news and pocketbooks; Environment - Clean environment important - 1/10 to 1/4 of net investment spent on anti-pollution measures

Energy Crisis of 1970’s: dire predications of the day (world is running out of energy resources - Lifeboat theories; oil will sell for $100 per barrel by 2000; Gasoline in US will sell for $5 per gallon by 2000); These events have not occurred; [cause of energy crisis: OPEC - a cartel (oligopoly - few sellers, mutual interdepence of decision making); energy crisis was a man-made phenomenon]; 1973-1974 Arab oil boycott of US and large increases in oil prices; US gov’t reaction - afraid of large price increases upsetting the economy and voters; Solution - freeze domestic oil prices [controlled maximum price, being below equilibrium price, created a shortage of oil]

Effect of Price Controls on Oil Markets: price system has 4 functions: transmit information (provide incentives, allocate resources, affect the distribution of income); information (wrong info transmitted to consumers and producers); incentives to consumers (not to conserve); incentives to producers (not to expand production)

Gasoline lines: How did these happen? Shortage allocated; Sporadic problems of gas stations running out of gas; Consumer fear of running out of gas; Lines would appear then mysteriously disappear. Gasoline lines reasons: government allocation system; consumer fear of running out of gasoline; gasoline lines were made in Washington, D.C.

Distribution Problem: domestic energy prices frozen; foreign prices not frozen; imported oil not consumed at same rate across US; Northeast - use more imported oil than other areas; Government Goal: equalize prices across regions of US. Entitlements Program: tax domestic production; subsidize foreign imports; everyone pays same price

Effect of Program: Discourages Domestic Production; Encourages the Use of Foreign Oil; Discourages Conservation; Example of Conflict between Goals

Additional programs: encourage exploration - old oil and new oil; conservation regulations; (55 mph speed limit; tax credits for insulation; building temperature regulation)

What a Tangled Web You Create, When You First Begin to Regulate. What Has Happened Since? Deregulation of oil; US Department of Energy; OPEC lost power

California electricity crisis: California style deregulation; rolling blackouts; What went wrong? Private influences on public policy ie.: gasahol/alcohol/oxygenates & ADM

Some universal energy policy issues: energy/safety trade-offs; pricing and private rationing; taxation: revenue raising or travel restricting? Should gasoline taxes be raised?

Importance of environment has grown over years; Gov’t reaction -Clean Air Act- classic regulatory approach; two problems faced by government (Optimum Cleanliness of Environment; How to Achieve Desired Result). What is optimum cleanliness of the environment? perfect pristine environment? unbridled pollution? something in - between. Federal Environmental Policy: air pollution (Clean Air Act approach); air quality standards for 7 known pollutants; Threshold Concept; US divided into 247 Air Quality Control Region’s (standards set for each)

Air Quality Standards were set for 7 known pollutants: Particulates (solid particles or minute drops of liquid suspended in the air [Dust, soot and smoke]; Carbon Monoxide (CO) poisonous gas which is colorless and odorless. EPA estimates 75% of CO is emitted by motor vehicles; Sulfur Oxides - gasses resulting from the burning of fuels containing sulfur (coal & oil); Nitrogen Dioxides (NO2) results when any fuel is burned at a high temp. Brownish colored gas, reacts with water to form nitric acid; Hydrocarbons -Whole category of pollutants. Unburned gaseous or vaporized fuels. Evaporation of gasoline is a major source; Oxidants - Well know-ozone. Poisonous form of oxygen. Photochemical smog formed when sunlight reacts with hydrocarbons and nitrogen dioxide; Lead - metal widely used as an anti-knock compound in gasoline; absorbed in the body and may be fatal, especially to young children.

Two sets of standards: “Must protect the health of most sensitive groups in the population with an adequate margin of safety”; Standard is aimed at protecting the public welfare, including economic effects on crops, animals and plants.

AQCR & SIP: 247 AQCR’s in the U.S.; SIP or state implemented plan. Plan details the strategy the state will utilize to bring each AQCR into compliance with the air quality standards set by the EPA; States are responsible for controlling air pollution from existing sources. EPA can regulate emissions from new sources. Federal gov’t can impose penalties up to $25,000/day and 1 yr in prison. 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments: most sweeping revision of 1963 Act to date; Elimination of ozone depleting gases; Reformulated gasoline requirements - to reduce emissions in urban areas; More flexibility regarding emissions trading; Employee trip reduction requirements; Urban areas - classified as non-attainment areas; Required to develop employee trip reduction laws - face loss of federal highway funds

Employee Trip Reduction; Employers of 100 or more employees required to develop programs - reduce trips to work in single occupancy vehicles; Car-pooling; Van-pooling; public transit; telecommuting; compressed workweek; business lobbied to repeal provisions; States refused to enforce requirements; Republican Congress repealed requirements; Example of capture of regulatory agencies by those holding extremist views

Water Pollution Policy: Clean Water Act - also uses standards approach; Point Sources - definable locations from which pollutants emitted - pipes, plants; Non-point sources - broad areas of land that seepage or runoff occurs

Problems with Regulatory Approach: Seems like air and streams getting cleaner - scientific evidence uncertain; Over 100 pollutants affect health - not just 7; Threshold concept erroneous - must have zero pollution to eliminate all harmful effects; Compliance costs very large

An Alternative - Effluent Charges: Tax or fee for each pound of pollutant emitted; Can pay fine or clean up; Cost to clean up compared to cost of paying fine; Will clean up until cost of cleanup exceeds fine; Advantage - results lower total cost of cleanup; Concentrates cleanup in firms that cheap to cleanup; Fine can be set so overall pollution reduction goals achieved; Disadvantage - Enforcement costs expensive; Could have voluntary compliance with random enforcement like IRS; Business opposition - Pay twice for cleanup (Control device and Effluent charge on remaining pollution)

Marketable Pollution Rights: Firm can emit pollution up to a certain amount or control emissions to less than maximum and sell right to pollute; A market for pollution rights would develop; Concentrates pollution control in low clean up industries; Business not taxed like effluent charges. How does it work? Government sets standard for total amount of pollution in area; Firms bid for licenses; If cost of clean up L.T. cost of license, will sell license to high cost firm; Concentrates cleanup in low cleanup cost industries

Offsets: For Non-Attainment Areas; Standards Approach - no new development possible; Existing polluters reduce emissions to offset new source pollution; Market for offsets created. Banking: Firms achieves pollution levels below EPA standards; Can bank right to pollute or sell offset; without banking - firms have incentive to operate high pollution plants to preserve right to pollute in future. Bubbles: Plant treated as if enclosed in imaginary bubble - with hole in top; Total amount of pollution regulated. Netting: attainment areas only; for modernized facilities; new source standards not applied; offsetting reductions elsewhere

Hooker Chemical, around Niagara Falls, used Love Canal as a harzardous waste dump site. In ‘50s, a school, shopping center, and homes were built in Love Canal. Residents acuired high levels of cancer, birth defects, liver damage; 1980-1,000 families left homes

Superfund: Dump site estimate - 10,000 to 100,000; Superfund - Trust fund devoted to cleaning up hazardous waste dump sites; Gary Bears; Clean up estimates of $100 bil taking 20 to 50 yrs. Acid rain: sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released in air, return to ground in rain or snow. Theory: caused by industry and electric utilities esp. in midwest; causes damage to forests streams and lakes. Solution: severe restrictions on plant emissions; 75% reductions have been proposed; not clear if acid rain damage would be reduced

Global Warming: Greenhouse Effect; Predictions: melting of polar ice caps; ocean levels rise; flooding of coastal areas; Chicago with same climate as Miami. Theory: Greenhouse gases emitted by industry and automobiles e.g. CO2; Other theory - natural changes in global temperature; Not clear when adverse impacts will happen - 50 yrs or more. Proposed solution: ‘97 Kyoto Conference - cut emissions 10% below 1990 levels for developed countries; treaty not approved by Congress. Impact of Kyoto proposed reductions: reduce US GDP by $200 bil; Cause 500,000 jobs lost/year for next 14 yrs; Gasoline prices - increase by 60 cents/gal; Double price of home heating oil

Environmental Policy: Why is it of concern?; Largely a public policy issue; most policies have implications for private entities, too

Economic aspects of environmental policy: Costs of compliance - public and private (e.g. the global warming treaty); Financing compliance; Implications for competitiveness - domestic and international; Relating benefits and costs (Recognizing externalities, Costing externalities, Pricing externalities)

Some Environmental Policies: Zero-emission highway vehicles (various states - U.S.); Locomotive emissions (state, then federal - U.S.)

Environmental Policy Issues: Urban Sprawl; What is this?; Is this a problem; What has been proposed?; Portland; Boulder

Union Carbide Corp and the disaster at Bhopal: Union Carbide Plant - Bhopal India; MIC gas released into atmosphere; 1,750 dead; 200,000 injured

Union Carbide: Third worldwide in chemical business; 1983 sales $9 bil; 99,000 employees worldwide; 700 plants, mills and labs in 35 countries; Products include Prestone antifreeze, Glad bags, Eveready batteries; Sales per employee - $90,000, Dow $201,000. Bhopal Plant: MIC is chemical used to produce pesticides; Produced at Bhopal and at Institute W.Va.; plant was 51% owned by Carbide; 49% owned by Indian gov’t; Indian law required plant to be designed, built, operated, maintained by local labor

Management of Plant: Totally managed by Indian nationals; Carbide, India, Ltd. operated as a separate company; Safety was responsibility of Indian management team; No direct authority link between Carbide and Bhopal; At least 5 previous accidents at plant; Safety precautions at Bhopal not same as Institute W.Va. Plant; US plant had computerized early waring system. Safety Study: Carbide sent safety team to evaluate effectiveness of system - 1982; Report raised many safety issues; No safety experts returned to Bhopal to make sure safety recommendations were implemented

Crisis Management Strategy: Warren Anderson - Chairman of Carbide arrived at Bhopal; Envisioned cutting through bureaucracies to provide aid to victims. Hospitals, orphanages and vocational schools would be built; Arrested by Indian officials when he arrived at Bhopal; Halt production of MIC in West Virginia; Commute to Carbide employees. Tour of W.Va plant; $800,000 aid package for victims - Indian government called package “insulting”. Personal Injury Suits: Lawyers flew to Bhopal - Melvin Belli; suits filed in US - $15-$50 bil; could file suit both in India and US; potential lifetime earnings used as basis; In US, Rand Corp. study found American life to be worth $500,000. Other Problems: August - chemical leak at Institute, W.Va plant; No one killed - different chemical leaked; GAF attempted takeover of Carbide (stock price depressed, Carbide fought back, GAF gave up)

Change in Attitude: Company executives became skeptical; felt there was public over-reaction; Chairman Anderson felt most victims were hypochondriacs; Felt disaster was act of sabotage; No evidence to support theory. Court Maneuvers: tentative settlement reached - $350 mil in US; Indian government opposed settlement; Suit moved to India - $3 bill suit; Bhopal District judge ordered Carbide to pay interim relief of $270 mil before trial. Settlement reached Feb 14, ‘89: $470 mil settlement based on estimate of 200,000 victims; $2,350 per death or injury

Should Carbide use the same safety standards in both US and India? Should multi-national corporations use the same safety and environmental standards in foreign countries as in US? Who is responsible for the accident at Bhopal? Did Carbide act in a socially responsible manner? Did they act ethically? How can you value human life? Was a fair compensation agreement reached?

Regulation of Markets and Competition: What happens if markets are not free? What happens if small amounts of market power become very large? What are the distortions that are introduced? What should be the role of government in attempting to assure that markets are competitive (or at least act like it)?

Market Models: monopoly; oligopoly; contestable markets. Anti-competitive behaviors: cartels; price fixing; price leadership; predatory pricing. Monopoly: Single seller of a good or service; doesn’t take price as given; price varies with amount sold. Marginal Revenue (additional revenue derived by selling 1 more unit of the good or service)

Consumers’ Surplus: Consumers pay one price - the market price; Difference between the set of prices consumers are willing and able to pay and what is actually paid

Producers’ Surplus: Profits to be derived from increased production activities. Deadweight Loss: efficiency loss of monopoly; loss in consumers’ and producers’ surplus

Social waste of monopoly: Monopoly prices tend to be higher than competitive marketplace; monopolies produce less output; transfer of income from consumers to monopolist in form of monopoly profits; social efficiency loss … dead weight loss. Social waste in practice: airline deregulation - fares fallen avg. of 11-30%; Chicago - Pittsburgh $586 [virtual monopoly of US Air]; Chicago - Cleveland $145 [healthy competition]. Social Waste - Innovation: after the AT&T Breakup, there were a flood of new services and innovations

Social Waste - Profits: spend to erect barriers to entry or buy exclusive government franchise; example NYC taxicab medallions - $150,000; spend on those who work for monopolist (Professional Sports); seek the good life. Gov’t Monopolies: problems of government action coupled with social waste of private monopoly; worst of all possible worlds; industries consistently in trouble tend to be government run monopolies

Oligopoly: few firms in industry; mutual interdependence; must take rival’s response into account; US auto industry in ‘50s and ‘60s

If Firm A decreases prices and others follow, Firm A’s market share is the same and profits fall. If Firm A increases prices and others follow, Firm A’s market share is the same and profits rise. If Firm A decreases prices and others don’t follow, Firm A gains market share and its profits rise. If Firm A increases prices and others don’t follow, Firm A loses market share and its profits fall. Oligopoly response: price leadership (US Steel ‘50s – ‘70s); Cartels (OPEC, Railroad industry in US in 1800s)

Cartel Examples: Electric Power Switching Industry - [set prices based on] Phases of the Moon; Airline Computerized Fare Information Systems

Contestable Markets: potential competitors can easily enter; concentrated industries (keep prices low because of potential entry; Ie. airline industry and private industry

Sources of market power: natural monopoly; patents and copyrights; ownership of scarce resources; government regulation (prevents entry); mergers and acquisitions (GM acquisition of smaller companies); collusion among firms (cheating difficult to prevent); predatory pricing (eliminate competitors through low prices, futile unless entry can be controlled); geography

Measures of industrial concentration (concentration ratio): measure of the % of sales or other measure of output; 4 largest, 8 largest, 20 largest, and 50 largest companies in the industry. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index HHI (HHI= ∑ S_i² ); where S_i is the market share of firm i in the industry; used by Justice Dept. to decide on mergers and acquisitions; HHI ‹ 1000 unconcentrated; 1000 < HHI < 1800 - moderately concentrated; HHI › 1800 concentrated; mergers challenged if add more than 100 points to HHI

Federal Anti-Trust Policy: Began with trusts of late 1890's; Standard Oil Trust - controlled approximately 90% of the US petroleum industry; steel industry - US Steel Corporation 65% of the steel capacity; Gary Dinners - president of US Steel Judge Elbert H. Gary. Sherman Anti-Trust Act: Restraint of Trade: Deals with Three C's of restraint of trade; contracts, combinations and conspiracies; only unreasonable restraints prohibited; Rule of Reason Test - to determine if behavior is reasonable or unreasonable on case by case basis

Per Se Violations: Certain types of restraints are unreasonable by their very nature - illegal per se; eg. price fixing

Restraints: Horizontal Restraint: collusion among competitors at the same level in the chain of distribution. Vertical Restraint: supplier, customer relationship in the manufacturing/distribution chain. Retail Price Maintenance: an agreement between a manufacturer and a retailer; Price-fixing: horizontal or vertical

Market Allocations: competitors agree not to compete in particular markets; all horizontal agreements to allocate markets are illegal per se; vertical restrictions subject to the rule of reason; Boycotts - where two or more firms agree not to deal with a third party; Tying Arrangements - the seller requires the buyer to purchase a second product as a condition of the sale of the first (illegal if seller has market power); Microsoft and browser software

Monopolization: Prohibited by Sec 2 of Sherman Act; Not illegal if monopoly obtained through competitive skills; attempts to monopolize and conspiracies to monopolize are prohibited; Not clear what difference is between attempts and conspiracies. Clayton Act 1914: Only civil action possible

Price Discrimination: practiced when a good or service is sold at different prices to different individuals or in different markets. Differences in price cannot be explained by differences in the cost of providing the good or service. Robinson-Patman Amendment 1936, called Chain Store Act: Forbids price discrimination when goods are for resale; Does not apply to sales to final consumers by retailers; Designed to protect local grocery stores from big grocery chains like A&P; Price differences that adversely affect competition are illegal; Typhoid Mary of anti-trust; Resulted in higher prices, encourages inefficiency and restricts new entry into markets

Predatory Pricing: notion that firms seeking a monopoly can eliminate competitors through very low prices; The Robinson-Patman amendment made it illegal; Proof established if price is below average variable cost; Exceptions are perishable merchandise, liquidations

Mergers: Section 7 of the Clayton Act prohibits mergers that either substantially lessen competition or create a monopoly; Horizontal - joining of companies in same industry (Baby Bells); Vertical - One company a supplier of another - Disney & ABC; Conglomerate - firms in different industries - LTV, General Motors-EDS

Interlocking Directorates: Clayton Act prohibits interlocking directorates; Members of the board of directors and officers of one corporation serve on the board of a competitor; Some exceptions - small firms, some financial institutions. Federal Trade Commission Act: The FTC was established as an addition to the courts for anti-trust enforcement; unfair methods of competition; unfair or deceptive acts or practices in commerce; FTC has broad powers to define these

Future of Anti-Trust: outdated provisions; unenforceable provisions; too much interpretation; globalization; not dealing effectively with mergers than lessen competition

Union Pacific - Southern Pacific Railroad Merger: ICC approved merger of Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railroad in 1995; BNSF merger created one of North America's largest railroads - 31,000 miles of track, service in 27 states and two Canadian Provinces, and 44,000 employees; Merger left the Union Pacific (UPRR) and Southern Pacific (SPRR) Railroads to compete with the new BNSF Corporation; Reduced the number of railroads competing in the west from four to three

Union Pacific: Operating revenues in excess $6.2 billion in 1995; Employed more than 35,000 workers; 22,600 miles of track in 23 states. Southern Pacific: operating revenues of more than $3.2 billion in 1995; over 18,000 employees; 14,500 miles of track; Negative operating cash flow in many years since the early 1980’s

A Competitive Strategy: Merger would create the largest rail carrier in North America; 31,000 miles of tracks; 53,000 employees; over 2,000 trains serving 24 states in the western two-thirds of the US. Benefits of the merger: more direct routes; faster transit times; eliminate congestion; improved and more efficient use of train crews; more efficient utilization of locomotives and freight car equipment. Benefit/Cost Analysis: $750 million in annual benefits for both railroads and the shipping public; $580 million in operational efficiency gains; $90 million in savings for shippers; elimination of 3,500 jobs; abandonment of duplicate and surplus track miles. Reactions to proposed merger: western 2/3 of US would be left with 2 giant railroads, UPSP and BNSF, to dominate the market; 2 remaining railroads would find it in their best interests not to directly compete; could raise rates to the shipping public.

Dept of Justice Antitrust Division: Projected savings were overstated by $246 million to as high as $768 million; 3800 miles of trackage rights given to BNSF would not create enough competition to keep the rate levels down; SPRR was financially viable, capable of raising the capital necessary to continue its role as a major competitor

Further Developments: merger resulted in massive service problems in southwest; service delays; slow service; lost freight; STB considering allowing other railroads to carry UPP freight and provide access to customers. Questions: Was this merger in the public interest? What was the motivation behind this merger? Are the massive mergers we have had recently in the public interest? What is the motivation behind these mergers? Has the federal government adequately dealt with these mergers?

Factors Affecting the Employer of the Future: Overview: Underlying Forces; Key Societal Elements; Public Sector Responses; Marketplace Responses; Business Responses using Healthcare as an example. Underlying forces: Demographics, Beliefs, Values, Cultures, International Events (legal and illegal immigration), Discoveries, Resources, Natural Events

Increasing Restrictions: Hiring bonus for border patrol; various laws to restrict social services to illegal immigrants

Disadvantages: Companies hiring illegal aliens have cost advantage over those who hire documented workers; Illegal aliens take jobs from US citizens

Societal Element Changes: Labor and Human Resources - Older Workforce: Increasing proportion of workforce; Recent change allowing continued work after 65 without losing social security payments; Low unemployment means older workers are needed; Special programs to bring experienced nurses back into the workforce

Working Women: Family & Medical Leave Act - 1993; Wage rate differences continue; Women have staff positions which pay less and have fewer promotional opportunities; Movement in and out of the labor force interrupts experience; Glass ceiling - a point women don’t go above; Changes in career choices [No longer nurses, teachers, or librarians; Professional schools have high percentage of women (law school, medical school, MBA programs)]

Labor Unions - Background: Unions began as a way to bargain collectively for better working conditions; 8 hour day; minimum age; Occupational Safety; minimum wage; Unemployment compensation. % of nonagricultural workforce in labor unions: 1950 - 35%; 1980 - 23%; 1994 - 15%; 1998 - 14%; 37% government workers in unions; 9.4% of private sector workers. Nursing union movement centers on replacing RNs with unlicensed assistants, staffing shortages, excessive overtime; some state legislation regulating staff mix (% of RN/non-RNs); Managed care has resulted in consolidation and unionization of physicians

Economic Climate - Recruitment: Unemployment rate directly relates to ability to recruit; High demand workers move more frequently; Must offer more benefits to attract & retain qualified people; Premium to high demand workers. Recruitment in Healthcare: there is more demand than available talent for registered nurses, technicians, managers, physicians, board members; basic literacy and job-skills are issues at entry level; medical school applicant pool continue to fall; nursing school enrollments continue to fall

Nursing shortage: projected national shortfall of 258,000 BS-trained nurses by 2000 and trend continues; Move toward 2 yr programs by hospitals; average age of US nurses is 45 and rising; nurses are retiring earlier; demand for nurses outside of hospitals growing rapidly; # and capacity of nursing schools substantially reduced; demand is especially high for subspecialty RNs

Public Sector Response: Regulation - Equal Job Opportunity: 1954 Brown vs Board of Education; 1964 Civil Rights Act protecting discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin; Executive orders later protected persons over 40, women, minorities, disabled persons; Enforcement by Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (enforces Civil Rights Act) and Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs. Reasons behind these laws: Equalization of opportunity by allowing access to employment to all individuals regardless of race, sex, religion, or national origin; Accomplish the social objective of nondiscrimination; Interest groups use political pressure to become “protected”

Affirmative Action: Actions should be taken to remedy under-representation of certain minority employees; Goal is to increase the number of minorities and females throughout the organization

California Proposition 209 passed in 1996: Let stand in November, 1997; Focuses on public employment, public education, or public contracting

Alternatives to Affirmative Action: Use income as the basis for preferential treatment; limit Affirmative Action to African Americans and Native Americans assuming other groups did not suffer institutional abuses

Social Security; Began in 1935 as a system where individual and employer contributions would be invested in government bonds and proceeds used to fund retirement; Combination of retirement and welfare; Major problem of funding as the number of workers to the number of retirees drops; Estimated to be bankrupt by 2029. Alternatives to Social Sec.: Raise Social Security taxes; change eligibility requirements; means testing of benefits; encourage the birth rate; increase immigration; diversify trust fund investments; privatization

Consequences of bankrupt Medicare: Healthcare is rationed; Managed Care and HMOs required for elderly; Reduce pmts to providers; Healthcare system may become more efficient. Reform Proposals: Increase amt individuals pay for coverage and increase amt can deduct from taxes; Gov’t controlled healthcare (similar to Canada); privatize medicare - go to vouchers

Employment Practices: sexual harassment; Americans with Disabilities Act; Workers’ Compensation (state law); Unemployment Insurance (operated by state)

Marketplace Response - Quantities Produced: Overall # providers reduced in health care industry; Mergers and acquisitions; Clinics relocate or expanded to suburbs; Extend office hours to meet patient needs. Efficiencies in health care: Use of technology (noninvasive surgery, Gamma Knife); Change to lower cost skill mix; Move to outpatient procedures and treatments; Drug treatments vs surgical options; Group purchasing of supplies and pharmaceuticals

Business response - various benefit programs: insurance (medical, dental, vision, life); stock options; tax shelters - matching 401k contributions; onsite benefits (parking, child care); wellness programs: onsite gym or exercise area; vouchers and discounts to health clubs; reimbursement for smoking cessation programs; inhouse programs; health care providers see as a business line; educational benefits; tuition reimbursement; inhouse training and development; orientation; workshops and conferences; corporate universities and learning centers; corporate libraries; intranet and internet access; e-learning options; alternative schedules; flextime options to accommodate family needs; job sharing; 4-day work week; telecommuting; employee welfare: employee assistance programs; substance abuse; counseling; no smoking rules; smoke free buildings; USGypsum still has no smoking rule for workers in high risk plants

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My e-mail is [email protected] if you have questions. My homepage is http://members.fortunecity.com/tgunner640.